From Seedlings to Plantation: Experience in Cultivating St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) in Ukraine

Authors

Sergii Viktorovich Pospielov
Poltava State Agrarian University
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0433-2996
Maksym Vasylovich Semenko
Poltava State Agrarian University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9168-4238

Keywords:

Hypericum perforatum L., St. John’s Wort, Cultivating

Synopsis

The monograph presents the results of research on improving the cultivation techniques of common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) under the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The biological characteristics of the crop’s growth and development are considered, along with the effects of pre-sowing seed treatment with growth stimulants, sowing dates, planting density, varietal traits, and plant arrangement schemes. Based on the obtained data, practical recommendations have been developed for the introduction of plantation cultivation of St. John’s wort, which represents a promising approach to ensuring stable raw material production for the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.

Chapters

  • CHAPTER 1 Agrobiological and Phytochemical Evaluation of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)
  • CHAPTER 2 Experimental Conditions and Methods of Research
  • CHAPTER 3 Regulation of Sowing Qualities St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) Seeds
  • CHAPTER 4 Optimization of Cultivation St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) Seedlings
  • CHAPTER 5 Productivity of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) in Ontogenesis
  • CHAPTER 6 Productivity of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) depending on Plant Density
  • CHAPTER 7 Evaluation of Agglutinating Activity of Hypericum perforatum Extracts

Author Biographies

Sergii Viktorovich Pospielov, Poltava State Agrarian University

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry

Maksym Vasylovich Semenko, Poltava State Agrarian University

PhD student, Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry

References

Bondarenko, H. V., & Dovhopola, L. I. (2021). Resursna otsinka Hypericum perforatum L. Pereiaslavshchyny [Resource assessment of Hypericum perforatum L. of the Pereiaslav region]. Zbirnyk naukovykh materialiv LIX Mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi internet-konferentsii [Proceedings of the LIX International Scientific and Practical Online Conference], 52.

Hrytsyk, A., & Veronika, S. (2022). Roslyny rodu zvyrobii i perspektyvy yikh vykorystannia [Plants of the genus Hypericum and prospects for their use]. Scientific Collection «InterConf+», 24(121), 240–251.

Derzhavna Farmakopeia Ukrainy: U 3 t. (2-he vyd.) [State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine: In 3 vols. (2nd ed.)]. (2014). Derzhavna sluzhba Ukrainy z likarskykh zasobiv, Ukrainskyi naukovyi farmakopeinyi tsentr yakosti likarskykh zasobiv [State Service of Ukraine on Medicines, Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for Quality of Medicines]. https://www.pharmencyclopedia.com.ua/article/2462/derzhavna-farmakopeya-ukraini

Pospielov, S. V., & Semenko, M. V. (2018). Sposib vyznachennia hemagliutynuiuchoi aktyvnosti ekstraktiv zvyroboiu zvychainoho (Hypericum perforatum L.) [Method for determining hemagglutinating activity of extracts of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)] (Patent No. 130248). Poltavska derzhavna ahrarna akademiia [Poltava State Agrarian Academy].

Pryvedeniuk, N. V., Trubka, V. A., & Hlushchenko, L. A. (2022). Produktyvnist altei likarskoi (Althaea officinalis L.) za vykorystannia rehuliatoriv rostu ta kraplynnoho zroshennia [Productivity of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.) under the use of growth regulators and drip irrigation]. Ahroekolohichnyi zhurnal [Agroecological Journal], (1), 121–127.

Pospielov, S. V., & Kachur, V. A. (2017). Perspektyvy plantatsiinoho kultyvuvannia zvyroboiu zvychainoho (Hypericum perforatum L.) [Prospects for plantation cultivation of common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)]. In Zbalansovanyi rozvytok ahroekosystem Ukrainy: Suchasnyi pohliad ta innovatsii. Materialy I Vseukrainskoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii [Balanced development of agroecosystems of Ukraine: Modern view and innovations. Proceedings of the 1st All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference] (pp. 127–128). PDAA.

Pospielov, S. V., & Pospielova, H. D. (2019). Ahrokultura ekhinatsei: Perevahy rozsadnoho sposobu [Echinacea agroculture: Advantages of seedling method]. In Likarski roslyny: Tradytsii ta perspektyvy doslidzhen. Materialy IV Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii, prysviachenoi 140-richchiu z dnia narodzhennia P. I. Havsevycha [Medicinal plants: Traditions and research perspectives. Proceedings of the 4th International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 140th anniversary of P. I. Havsevych] (pp. 65–71). DSLR IAP NAAN.

Pospielov, S. V., Onipko, V. V., & Semenko, M. V. (2020). Aktyvnist lektyniv zvyroboiu zvychainoho (Hypericum perforatum L.) sortu Italiia v ontohenezi [Lectin activity of common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) cultivar Italia in ontogenesis]. In Bioriznomanittia: Teoriia, praktyka, formuvannia zdorov’iazberezhuvalnoi kompetentnosti u shkoliariv ta metodychni aspekty vyvchennia u zakladakh osvity: Materialy Vseukrainskoi naukovo-praktychnoi onlain-konferentsii (prysviachena pamiati vydatnoho vchenoho botanika P. Ye. Sosina) [Biodiversity: Theory, practice, development of health-preserving competence in schoolchildren and methodological aspects of study in educational institutions: Proceedings of the All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Online Conference (dedicated to the memory of the prominent botanist P. Ye. Sosin)] (pp. 119–121).

Pospielov, S. V., Opara, M. M., Panchenko, K. S., Zdor, V. M., & Solop, V. Ya. (2021). Posivni yakosti nasinnia likarskykh roslyn zalezhno vid yikh stratyfikatsii [Sowing qualities of medicinal plant seeds depending on their stratification]. Scientific Progress & Innovations, (1), 156–162.

Pospielov, S. V., & Semenko, M. V. (2017). Suchasni tendentsii vyvchennia i zastosuvannia lektyniv roslyn [Current trends in the study and application of plant lectins]. In Bioriznomanittia: Teoriia, praktyka ta metodychni aspekty vyvchennia u zahalnoosvitnii ta vyshchii shkoli: Materialy Vseukrainskoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii [Biodiversity: Theory, practice and methodological aspects of study in secondary and higher school: Proceedings of the All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference] (pp. 146–149).

Pospielov, S. V., & Solop, V. Ya. (2021). Vyroshchuvannia zvyroboiu zvychainoho (Hypericum perforatum L.): Problemy ta shliakhy yikh vyrishennia [Cultivation of common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): Problems and solutions]. In Suchasni aspekty i tekhnolohii u zakhysti roslyn: Materialy Mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi internet-konferentsii [Modern aspects and technologies in plant protection: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Online Conference] (p. 26). PDAA. https://dspace.pdau.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10775

Rozhkov, A. O., Puzik, V. K., Kalenska, S. M., Puzik, L. M., Popov, S. I., Muzafarov, N. M., ... & Kryshtop, Ye. A. (2016). Doslidna sprava v ahronomii (Kn. 1: Teoretychni aspekty doslidnoi spravy) [Experimental work in agronomy (Book 1: Theoretical aspects of experimental work)].

Semenko, M. V. (2025). Vplyv terminiv sivby i obrobky nasinnia na formuvannia rozsady zvyroboiu zvychainoho (Hypericum perforatum L.) [Effect of sowing dates and seed treatment on the formation of common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) seedlings]. Ahrarni innovatsii [Agrarian Innovations], (29), 325–332. https://doi.org/10.32848/agrar.innov.2025.29.50

Semenko, M. V., & Pospielov, S. V. (2023). Vplyv ahroekolohichnykh chynnykiv na vmist metabolitiv u syrovyni zvyroboiu zvychainoho (Hypericum perforatum L.) [Influence of agroecological factors on the content of metabolites in raw materials of common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)]. In Likarski roslyny: Tradytsii ta perspektyvy doslidzhen: Materialy VI Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii [Medicinal plants: Traditions and research perspectives: Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference] (pp. 256–260). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7845320

Semenko, M. V., & Pospielov, S. V. (2023). Zvyrobii zvychainyi (Hypericum perforatum L.): Deiaki aspekty kultyvuvannia ta yakosti syrovyny [Common St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): Some aspects of cultivation and raw material quality]. In Likarske roslynnytstvo: Vid dosvidu mynuloho do novitnikh tekhnolohii: Materialy XI Mizhnarodnoi naukovo–praktychnoi konferentsii [Medicinal plant cultivation: From past experience to modern technologies: Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific and Practical Conference] (pp. 44–46). https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10433578

Semenko, M. V., & Pospielov, S. V. (2024). Hypericum perforatum L. v kulturi: Vid ahroekolohichnykh umov do fitofarmakolohichnoho profiliu [Hypericum perforatum L. in culture: From agroecological conditions to phytopharmacological profile]. Ukrainskyi zhurnal pryrodnychykh nauk [Ukrainian Journal of Natural Sciences], (7), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.32782/naturaljournal.7.2024.17

Solohub, V. A., & Hrytsyk, A. R. (2011). Perspektyvy vykorystannia vydiv zvyroboiu v medytsyni ta farmatsii [Prospects for the use of Hypericum species in medicine and pharmacy]. Ukrainskyi medychnyi almanakh [Ukrainian Medical Almanac], 14(5), 183–186.

Abdollahi, A., Farsad-Akhtar, N., Mohajel Kazemi, E., & Kolahi, M. (2023). Investigation of the combined effects of cadmium chloride, silver nitrate, lead nitrate, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid on morphometric and biochemical characteristics of St. John’s wort. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 29(2), 173-184.

Agapouda, A., Booker, A., Kiss, T., Hohmann, J., Heinrich, M., & Csupor, D. (2019). Quality control of Hypericum perforatum L. analytical challenges and recent progress. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 71(1), 15-37.

AhmadiChenarbon, H., Minaei, S., Bassiri, A. R., Almassi, M., & Arabhosseini, A. (2011). Effective parameters on drying of Hypericum perforatum L. leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(18), 4530-4536.

Aksoy, H. M., Ayan, A. K., Saglam, B., & Kevseroglu, K. (2023). Enhanced hypericin production in Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum pruinatum in response to inoculation with two fungal pathogens. Plant Protection Science-UZPI (Czech Republic), 41(3).

Alkurdi, M. I. S., Mustafa, S. S., & Supuka, J. (2013). Influence of Different Soil Substrates, Planting Time and Stem Cuttings Type on Vegetative Propagation and Growth Characteristics of Vitex Agnus-Castus L. / Vplyv Rôznych Pôdnych Substrátov, Času Výsadby a Typov Stonkových Odrezkov na Vegetatívne Rozmnožovanie a Rastové Vlastnosti Vitex Agnus-Castus L. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotectuare, 16(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2013-0003

Ampong-Nyarko, K. (2014). Rhodiola rosea Cultivation in Canada and Alaska. Rhodiola rosea, 14, 125. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17903-10

Ang, C. Y., Hu, L., Heinze, T. M., Cui, Y., Freeman, J. P., Kozak, K., ... & DiNovi, M. (2004). Instability of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and degradation of hyperforin in aqueous solutions and functional beverage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(20), 6156-6164.

Ayan, A. K., Kızılkaya, R., Çırak, C., & Kevseroğlu, K. (2006). Heavy metal contents of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) growing in Northern Turkey. Journal of Plant Sciences, 1(3), 182-186.

Azizi, M., & Omidbaigi, R. (2001). Effect of NP supply on herb yield, hypericin content and cadmium accumulation of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). In International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Possibilities and Limitations of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant 576 (pp. 267-271).

Bagdonaitė, E., Mártonfi, P., Repčák, M., & Labokas, J. (2010). Variation in the contents of pseudohypericin and hypericin in Hypericum perforatum from Lithuania. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 38(4), 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2010.08.005

Bagdonaitė, E., Mártonfi, P., Repčák, M., & Labokas, J. (2012). Variation in concentrations of major bioactive compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. from Lithuania. Industrial Crops and Products, 35(1), 302-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.018

Balea, A., Pojar-Fenesan, M., & Ciotlaus, I. (2020) Traceability of Volatile Organic Compounds from Hypericum perforatum in Fresh and Dried Form and in Essential Oil. Rev. Chim., 71 (6), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.6.8170

Barcaccia, G., Arzenton, F., Sharbel, T. F., Varotto, S., Parrini, P., & Lucchin, M. (2006). Genetic diversity and reproductive biology in ecotypes of the facultative apomict Hypericum perforatum L. Heredity, 96(4), 322-334.

Bardhi, N., Stefkov, G., Karapandzova, M., Cvetkovikj, I., & Kulevanova, S. (2015). Essential oil composition of indigenous populations of Hypericum perforatum L. from southern Albania. Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 34(2), 333-341. https://doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2015.618

Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., & Phillipson, J. D. (2010). St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 53 (5), 583-600. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011775910

Becker, L., Zaiter, A., Petit, J., Zimmer, D., Karam, M. C., Baudelaire, E., ... & Dicko, A. (2016). Improvement of antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of Hypericum perforatum and Achillea millefolium powders using successive grinding and sieving. Industrial Crops and Products, 87, 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.036

Bergonzi, M. C., Bilia, A. R., Gallori, S., Guerrini, D., & Vincieri, F. F. (2001). Variability in the content of the constituents of Hypericum perforatum L. and some commercial extracts. Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 27(6), 491-497.

Bertoli, A., Çirak, C., Leonardi, M., Seyis, F., & Pistelli, L. (2011). Morphogenetic changes in essential oil composition of Hypericum perforatum during the course of ontogenesis. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(7), 741-751. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2010.545826

Bilia, A. R., Bergonzi, M. C., Morgenni, F., Mazzi, G., & Vincieri, F. F. (2001). Evaluation of chemical stability of St. John's wort commercial extract and some preparations. International journal of pharmaceutics, 213(1-2), 199-208.

Booker, A., Agapouda, A., Frommenwiler, D. A., Scotti, F., Reich, E., & Heinrich, M. (2018). St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) products–an assessment of their authenticity and quality. Phytomedicine, 40, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.012

Böttcher, H., Günther, I., & Kabelitz, L. (2003). Physiological postharvest responses of common Saint-John's wort herbs (Hypericum perforatum L.). Postharvest Biology and Technology, 29(3), 343-351.

Briese, D. T., & Cullen, J. (2012). Hypericum perforatum L.-St John's wort. In Biological control of weeds in Australia (p. 299). CSIRO Publishing.

Briskin, D. P., & Gawienowski, M. C. (2001). Differential effects of light and nitrogen on production of hypericins and leaf glands in Hypericum perforatum. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 39(12), 1075-1081.

Briskin, D. P., Leroy, A., & Gawienowski, M. (2000). Influence of nitrogen on the production of hypericins by St. John’s wort. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 38(5), 413-420.

Bruni, R., Pellati, F., Bellardi, M. G., Benvenuti, S., Paltrinieri, S., Bertaccini, A., & Bianchi, A. (2005). Herbal drug quality and phytochemical composition of Hypericum perforatum L. affected by ash yellows phytoplasma infection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(4), 964-968.

Bruni, R., & Sacchetti, G. (2009). Factors affecting polyphenol biosynthesis in wild and field grown St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaceae/Guttiferae). Molecules, 14(2), 682-725. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14020682

Buckley, Y. M., Briese, D. T., & Rees, M. (2003). Demography and management of the invasive plant species Hypericum perforatum. I. Using multi‐level mixed‐effects models for characterizing growth, survival and fecundity in a long‐term data set. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40(3), 481-493.

Carrubba, A., Lazzara, S., Giovino, A., Ruberto, G., & Napoli, E. (2021). Content variability of bioactive secondary metabolites in Hypericum perforatum L. Phytochemistry Letters, 46, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2021.09.011

Chauhan, R. S., Vashistha, R. K., Nautiyal, M. C., Tava, A., & Cecotti, R. (2011). Essential oil composition of Hypericum perforatum L. from cultivated source. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 23(3), 20-25.

Chen, C. L., Tsai, Y. J., & Sung, J. M. (2010). Photoperiod effects on flowering and seed setting of Hypericum perforatum. Experimental Agriculture, 46(3), 393-400.

Chizzola, R., Lohwasser, U., & Franz, C. (2018). Biodiversity within Melissa officinalis: variability of bioactive compounds in a cultivated collection. Molecules, 23(2), 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020294

Chizzola, R., & Lukas, B. (2006). Variability of the cadmium content in Hypericum species collected in Eastern Austria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 170, 331-343.

Chizzola, R., Michitsch, H., & Franz, C. (2003). Monitoring of metallic micronutrients and heavy metals in herbs, spices and medicinal plants from Austria. European Food Research and Technology, 216, 407-411.

Chung, M. H., & Deng, T. S. (2020). Effects of circadian clock and light on melatonin concentration in Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort). Botanical Studies, 61 (1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-29951/v2

Ciccarelli, D., Andreucci, A. C., & Pagni, A. M. (2001). Translucent glands and secretory canals in Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae): morphological, anatomical and histochemical studies during the course of ontogenesis. Annals of botany, 88(4), 637-644.

Сirak, C., Radušienė, J., Karabük, B. S., & Janulis, V. (2007). Variation of bioactive substances and morphological traits in Hypericum perforatum populations from Northern Turkey. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 35(7), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2007.01.009

Colak, S., Yazici, K., & Akca, S. B. (2020). Determination of heavy metal contents in St. John’s Wort (Hypericum Spp) in Zonguldak, Turkey. Feb Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29, 3571-3578.

Conceiçao, L. F., Ferreres, F., Tavares, R. M., & Dias, A. C. (2006). Induction of phenolic compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. cells by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides elicitation. Phytochemistry, 67(2), 149-155.

Coppock, R. W., & Dziwenka, M. (2021). St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L). In Nutraceuticals (pp. 661-695). Academic Press.

Couceiro, M. A., Afreen, F., Zobayed, S. M. A., & Kozai, T. (2006). Variation in concentrations of major bioactive compounds of St. John's wort: Effects of harvesting time, temperature and germplasm. Plant science, 170(1), 128-134.

Crockett, S. L., Poller, B., Tabanca, N., Pferschy‐Wenzig, E. M., Kunert, O., Wedge, D. E., & Bucar, F. (2011). Bioactive xanthones from the roots of Hypericum perforatum (common St John's wort). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(3), 428-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4202

Cui, X. H., Murthy, H. N., & Paek, K. Y. (2014). Production of adventitious root biomass and bioactive compounds from Hypericum perforatum L. through large scale bioreactor cultures. Production of biomass and bioactive compounds using bioreactor technology, 251-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9223-3_11

De Martino, L., De Feo, V., Formisano, C., Mignola, E., & Senatore, F. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from three chemotypes of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart growing wild in Campania (Southern Italy). Molecules, 14(8), 2735-2746.

Desseilles, M., Witte, J., Chang, T. E., Iovieno, N., Dording, C. M., Ashih, H., ... & Mischoulon, D. (2011). Assessing the adequacy of past antidepressant trials: a clinician's guide to the antidepressant treatment response questionnaire. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 72(8), 1385. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.11ac07225

Dias, A. C. (2003). 10 The potential of in vitro cultures of Hypericum perforatum and of Hypericum androsaemum to produce interesting pharmaceutical compounds. Hypericum: the genus Hypericum, 137. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420023305-12

Dias, A. C. P., Majid, A., & Reza, O. (2001). Effect of nitrogen and phosporous fertilisation in the cultivation of Hypericum perforatum L. variety Topas. In Short lecture at the International Congress and 49th annual meeting of the Society of Medicinal Plant Research, Erlangen, Germany.

Dimitrov, D., Parjanova, A., Ivanova, S., & Haygarov, V. (2020). Determination Of The Volatile Composition Of Distillates With Added Extracts Of Hypericum Perforatum L. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences, 9 (6), 1068-1072. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.6.1068-1072

Diniz, A. C. B., Astarita, L. V., & Santarém, E. R. (2007). Alteração dos metabólitos secundários em plantas de Hypericum perforatum L.(Hypericaceae) submetidas à secagem e ao congelamento. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 21, 442-450.

Drummond, F. A. (2019). Common st. john’s wort (malpighiales: Hypericaceae): An invasive plant in maine wild blueberry production and its potential for indirectly supporting ecosystem services. Environmental entomology, 48(6), 1369-1376.

Dordević, A. S. (2015). Chemical composition of Hypericum perforatum L. essential oil. Advanced technologies, 4(1), 64-68. https://doi.org/10.5937/savteh1501064d

Duppong, L. M., Delate, K., Liebman, M., Horton, R., Romero, F., Kraus, G., ... & Chowdbury, P. K. (2004). The effect of natural mulches on crop performance, weed suppression and biochemical constituents of catnip and St. John's wort. Crop science, 44(3), 861-869.

Eray, N., Dalar, A., & Turker, M. (2020). The effects of abiotic stressors and signal molecules on phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of in vitro regenerated Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort). South African Journal of Botany, 133, 253-263.

Erland, L. A., & Saxena, P. (2019). Auxin driven indoleamine biosynthesis and the role of tryptophan as an inductive signal in Hypericum perforatum (L.). PLoS One, 14(10), e0223878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223878

Florea, A. M., Iordache, T. V., Zaharia, A., Georgescu, B., Voicu, A. E., Tsyntsarski, B., ... & Sarbu, A. (2017). Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Pearls for Selective Isolation of Hypericins. Materiale Plastice, 54(3), 495. https://doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.3.4879

Fornasiero, R. B. (2003). Fluorides effects on Hypericum perforatum plants: first field observations. Plant Science, 165(3), 507-513.

Fouad, R., Fouad, H., Elsayed, S. I., Hendawy, S. F., & Omer, E. A. (2023). Response of growth, productivity, and active constituents of Hyssopus officinalis to irrigation and salicylic acid foliar application. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal, 22(2), 311-323. https://doi.org/10.4103/epj.epj_2_23

Fowler, S. V., Barringer, J., Groenteman, R., & Humphries, G. (2023). Biocontrol of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) provides huge ongoing benefits to New Zealand agriculture. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1-13.

Furukawa, H. (2019). Cultivation technology for vegetable and herb production. In Plant factory using artificial light (pp. 15-23). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813973-8.00003-8

Gönenç, T. M., Ozturk, M., Türkseven, S. G., Kirmizibayrak, P. B., Günal, S. E. L. I. N., & Yilmaz, S. (2020). Hypericum perforatum L. An overview of the anticancer potencies of the specimens collected from different ecological environments. Pak. J. Bot, 52(3), 1003-1010.

Gadzovska, S., Maury, S., Delaunay, A., Spasenoski, M., Joseph, C., & Hagege, D. (2007). Jasmonic acid elicitation of Hypericum perforatum L. cell suspensions and effects on the production of phenylpropanoids and naphtodianthrones. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, 89, 1-13.

Gao, W., He, D., Zheng, J., & Li, Y. (2022). Effects of light intensity and LED spectrum on the medicinal component accumulation of hydroponic Hypericum perforatum L. under controlled environments. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 15(5), 63-69.

Gaudin, M., Simonnet, X., Debrunner, N., & Ryser, A. (2002). Breeding for a Hypericum perforatum L. variety both productive and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) tolerant. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 9(2-3), 107-120.

Gioti, E. M., Fiamegos, Y. C., Skalkos, D. C., & Stalikas, C. D. (2009). Antioxidant activity and bioactive components of the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L. from Epirus, Greece. Food Chemistry, 117(3), 398-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.016

Greeson, J. M., Sanford, B., & Monti, D. A. (2001). St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical literature.Psychopharmacology,153, 402-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000625

Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I., Kuźma, Ł., Skała, E., & Kiss, A. K. (2018). Hairy root cultures of Salvia viridis L. for production of polyphenolic compounds. Industrial crops and products, 117, 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.014

Hevia, F., Berti, M., & Wilckens, R. (2002). Quality and yield in St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) harvested in different phenological stages. Acta agronomica hungarica, 50(3), 349-358.

Hoppe, B., & Plescher, A. (2016). Der Anbau von Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen in Deutschland. Zeitschrift Für Phytotherapie, 37(03), 105–108. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-109494

Hosni, K., Msaâda, K., Taârit, M. B., & Marzouk, B. (2017). Fatty acid composition and tocopherol content in four Tunisian Hypericum species: Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum tomentosum, Hypericum perfoliatum and Hypericum ericoides Ssp. Roberti. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2736-S2741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.019

Ibrahimi, H., Gadzovska‐Simic, S., Tusevski, O., & Haziri, A. (2020). Generation of flavor compounds by biotransformation of genetically modified hairy roots of Hypericum perforatum (L.) with basidiomycetes. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(6), 2809-2816. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1573

Jamwal, K., Bhattacharya, S., & Puri, S. (2018). Plant growth regulator mediated consequences of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Journal of applied research on medicinal and aromatic plants, 9, 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.12.003

Janowska, B., & Trelka, T. (2010). Effect of preparations from the Chrysal series and benzyladenine on the postharvest longevity of shoots of the St. John’s wort (Hypericum calycinum L.). Nauka Przyroda Technologie, 4(1), 8.

Jarma-Orozco, A., Combatt-Caballero, E., & Jaraba-Navas, J. (2020). Growth and development of Stevia rebaudiana Bert., in high and low levels of radiation. Current Plant Biology, 22, 100144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2020.100144

Karimi, M., Ahmadi, N., & Ebrahimi, M. (2022). Photoreceptor regulation of Hypericum perforatum L.(cv. Topas) flowering under different light spectrums in the controlled environment system. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 196, 104797.

Karimi, M., Ahmadi, N., & Ebrahimi, M. (2022). Red LED light promotes biomass, flowering and secondary metabolites accumulation in hydroponically grown Hypericum perforatum L.(cv. Topas). Industrial Crops and Products, 175, 114239.

Kaundal, M., Sharma, R., & Kumar, R. (2021). Elevated CO2 and temperature effect on growth, phenology, biomass and hypericin content of Hypericum perforatum L. in the western Himalaya. Plant Physiology Reports, 26(1), 116-127.

Kegler, H. A. (2003). Virus causing vein yellowing and necrotic leaf spots of ST. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Hypericum; Ernst, E. Ed.; Taylor&Francis, London, 43-47.

Khare, C. P. (2007). Hypericum perforatum Linn. Indian Medicinal Plants, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70638-2_771

Kirakosyan, A., Gibson, D. M., & Sirvent, T. (2004). A comparative study of Hypericum perforatum plants as sources of hypericins and hyperforins. Journal of herbs, spices & medicinal plants, 10(4), 73-88.

Kisa, O., Oksuz, L., Servi, H., & Aysal, A. I. (2023). Antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L.(St. John’s wort) extracts against Gram-positive bacteria and characterisation of its secondary metabolites. Natural Product Research, 1-8.

Kızıl, S., Inan, M., & Kırıcı, S. (2013). Determination of The Best Herbage Yield and Hypericin Content of St. Johna s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) under Semi Arid Climatic Conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18(1), 95-100.

Kováčik, J., Dresler, S., Strzemski, M., Sowa, I., Babula, P., & Wójciak-Kosior, M. (2022). Nitrogen modulates strontium uptake and toxicity in Hypericum perforatum plants. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 425, 127894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127894

Kučinskaitė, A., Pobłocka-Olech, L., Krauze-Baranowska, M., Sznitowska, M., Savickas, A., & Briedis, V. (2007). Evaluation of biologically active compounds in roots and rhizomes of Rhodiola rosea L. cultivated in Lithuania. Medicina, 43(6), 487.

Kutlymuratova, G. A., & Baynyyazova, G. S. (2022). Introduction and biological features of Atropa Belladonna L. in the conditions of Karakalpakstan. American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations, 02(12), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/volume02issue12-03

Kwiatkowski, C. (2010). Evaluation of yield quality and weed infestation of common valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) in dependence on weed control method and forecrop. Acta Agrobotanica, 63(2). https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2010.046

Kwiecień, I., Nicosia, N., & Ekiert, H. (2021). Cultivation of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) and biotechnological approaches for improvement of plant raw material quality. Medicinal plants: Domestication, biotechnology and regional importance, 253-291.

Kwon, E. H., Adhikari, A., Imran, M., Lee, D. S., Lee, C. Y., Kang, S. M., & Lee, I. J. (2023). Exogenous SA Applications Alleviate Salinity Stress via Physiological and Biochemical changes in St John’s Wort Plants. Plants, 12(2), 310.

Lazzara, S., Carrubba, A., & Napoli, E. (2021). Cultivating for the industry: cropping experiences with Hypericum perforatum L. in a Mediterranean environment. Agriculture, 11(5), 446.

Lekbangpong, N., Muangprathub, J., Srisawat, T., & Wanichsombat, A. (2019). Precise automation and analysis of environmental factor effecting on growth of St. John’s wort. Ieee Access, 7, 112848-112858.

Lupak, O. M., & Antonyak, H. L. (2020). Ecological aspect of growing Matricaria recutita L. plants in Western Ukraine. Agrology, 3(2), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.32819/020011

Lyles, J. T., Kim, A., Nelson, K., Bullard-Roberts, A. L., Hajdari, A., Mustafa, B., & Quave, C. L. (2017). The chemical and antibacterial evaluation of St. John's Wort oil macerates used in Kosovar traditional medicine. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 1639.

Makarova, K., Sajkowska-Kozielewicz, J. J., Zawada, K., Olchowik-Grabarek, E., Ciach, M. A., Gogolewski, K., ... & Gambin, A. (2021). Harvest time affects antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol and flavonoid content of Polish St John’s wort’s (Hypericum perforatum L.) flowers. Scientific reports, 11 (1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83409-4

Marcone, C., Bellardi, M. G., & Bertaccini, A. (2016). Phytoplasma diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants. Journal of Plant Pathology, 379-404.

Markovska, O., Svidenko, L., & Stetsenko, I. (2020). Comparative assessment of morphometric features and agronomic characteristics of lavandula angustifolia mill. and lavandula hybrida rev. Scientific Horizons, 2(87), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-87-02-24-31

Mimica-Dukic, N., & Bozin, B. (2008). Mentha L. species (Lamiaceae) as promising sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14(29), 3141-3150.

Moleriu, L., Jianu, C., Bujanca, G., Doros, G., Misca, C., Ilie, O. C., ... & Ilie, A. C. (2017). Essential Oil of Hypericum perforatum The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Revista de Chimie, 68(4), 687-692. https://doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.4.5531

Moro, A., Zalacain, A., de Mendoza, J. H., & Carmona, M. (2011). Effects of agronomic practices on volatile composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. essential oils. Molecules, 16(5), 4131-4139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16054131

Mosaleeyanon, K., Zobayed, S. M. A., Afreen, F., & Kozai, T. (2005). Relationships between net photosynthetic rate and secondary metabolite contents in St. John's wort. Plant Science, 169(3), 523-531.

Murch, S. J., Haq, K., Rupasinghe, H. V., & Saxena, P. K. (2003). Nickel contamination affects growth and secondary metabolite composition of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 49(3), 251-257.

Najar, B., Pistelli, L., Ferri, B., Angelini, L. G., & Tavarini, S. (2021). Crop yield and essential oil composition of two Thymus vulgaris chemotypes along three years of organic cultivation in a hilly area of central Italy. Molecules, 26(16), 5109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165109

Nikolic, G. S., & Zlatkovic, S. Z. (2010). Assaying the variation in secondary metabolites of St. John’s wort for its better use as an antibiotic. J Med Plants Res, 4(3), 211-24.

Nishimura, T., Zobayed, S. M. A., Kozai, T., & Goto, E. (2006). Effect of light quality of blue and red fluorescent lampson growth of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) J. SHITA 18: 225-229.

Nunes, A., Coelho, D. S., Soldi, C., Werner, S. S., Maraschin, M., Boff, P., & Boff, M. I. C. (2021). Vegetative growth of Hypericum Perforatum L. plants treated with high dynamized dilutions over different growing seasons. Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 12(2), 39-49.

Obratov-Petković, D., Bjedov, I., & Belanović, S. (2008). The content of heavy metals in the leaves of Hypericum perforatum L. on serpentinite soils in Serbia. Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta, (98), 143-153.

Odabas, M. S., Radusiene, J., Camas, N., Janulis, V., Ivanauskas, L., & Cirak, C. (2009). The quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on hyperforin and hypericins accumulation in Hypericum perforatum L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(7), 519-525.

Oniga, I., Toiu, A., Benedec, D., & Vlase, L. (2022). Comparative phytochemical profile of Hypericum Perforatum and Hypericum Hirsutum (Hypericaceae). Farmacia, 70(6), 1046-1049. https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2022.6.6

Orhan, N. (2022). St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) laboratory guidance document. Laboratory guidance documents. Available via American Botanical Council. https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/botanical-adulterants-prevention-program/laboratory-guidance-documents/st-johns-wort-laboratory-guidance-document-december-2021/. Accessed, 25.

Patocka, J. (2003). The chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the biologically active constituents of the herb Hypericum perforatum L. Journal of Applied Biomedicine, 1 (2), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.32725/jab.2003.010

Pavlović, S., Jošić, D., Starović, M., Stojanović, S., Aleksic, G., Stojšin, V., & Radanović, D. (2012). The first Stolbur Phytoplasma occurrence on two St. John's Worth species (Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum barbatum L.) in Serbia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(5), 906-911.

Pérez-García, F., Huertas, M., Mora, E., Peña, B., Varela, F., & González-Benito, M. E. (2006). Hypericum perforatum L. seed germination: Interpopulation variationand effect of light, temperature, presowing treatments and seed desiccation. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 53, 1187-1198.

Petipas, R. H., Higgins, S. A., Koechli, C., Debenport, S. J., Jack, C. N., Geber, M. A., & Buckley, D. H. (2024). An exploration of how plant and soil characteristics shape the Hypericum perforatum microbiome in three habitats. Plant Ecology, 1-14.

Pluhár, Z., Rehák, O., & Németh, É. (2000). Comparative investigation on Hypericum perforatum L. populations of different origin. International Journal of Horticultural Science, 6(1), 56-60.

Pogorzelska-Nowicka, E., Hanula, M. M., Brodowska-Trębacz, M., Górska-Horczyczak, E., Jankiewicz, U., Mazur, T., ... & Wierzbicka, A. (2021). The Effect of Cold Plasma Pretreatment on Water-Suspended Herbs Measured in the Content of Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, Volatile Compounds and Microbial Count of Final Extracts. Antioxidants, 10 (11), 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111740

Pospelov, S. V., Pospelova, A. D., Onipko, V. V., & Semenko, M. V. (2020). Fungistatic properties of lectin-containing extracts of medicinal plants. In Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control (pp. 91-105). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819304-4.00008-7

Pospielov, S., Pospielova, G., & Semenko, M. (2023). Problems of plantation growing of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). In Sworld-Us Conference proceedings (No. usc18-01, pp. 58-60). https://doi.org/10.30888/2709-2267.2023-18-01-012

Poutaraud, A., Di Gregorio, F., Tin, V. C. F., & Girardin, P. (2001). Effect of light on hypericins contents in fresh flowering top parts and in an extract of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Planta Medica, 67(03), 254-259.

Pradeep, M., & Franklin, G. (2022). Understanding the hypericin biosynthesis via reversible inhibition of dark gland development in Hypericum perforatum L. Industrial Crops and Products, 182, 114876.

Pradeep, M., Kachlicki, P., & Franklin, G. (2020). Simultaneous determination of naphtodianthrones, emodin, skyrin and new bisanthrones in Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro shoot cultures. Industrial Crops and Products, 144, 112003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.112003

Pryvedenyuk, N. V., & Shatkovskyi, A. P. (2021). Productivity of common Saint-John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) by using transplant reproduction method in the conditions of drip irrigation. Land Reclamation and Water Management, (1), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.31073/mivg202101-275

Radanovic, D., Markovic, T., Vasin, J., & Banjac, D. (2016). The efficiency of using different mulch films in the cultivation of yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.) in Serbia. Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo, 53(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.5937/ratpov53-9589

Rahnavard, A., Daneshian, J., Heravan, E., Valadabadi, S., & Golein, B. (2012). Investigation of the most important secondary metabolites of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) in Caspian climate. J. Food Agric. Environ, 10, 375-381.

Richter, J., Baltruschat, H., Kabrodt, K., & Schellenberg, I. (2011). Impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) wilt disease induced by Colletotrichum cf. gloeosporioides. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 118, 109-118.

Rizzo, P., Altschmied, L., Ravindran, B. M., Rutten, T., & D’Auria, J. C. (2020). The biochemical and genetic basis for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in Hypericum perforatum L., one of the largest medicinal crops in Europe. Genes, 11 (10), 1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11101210

Rychlewski, P., Kamgar, E., Mildner-Szkudlarz, S., Kowalczewski, P. Ł., & Zembrzuska, J. (2023). Determination of the contents of bioactive compounds in St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): Comparison of commercial and wild samples. Open Chemistry, 21(1), 20220347. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0347

Rusalepp, L., Raal, A., Puessa, T., & Maeeorg, U. (2017). Comparison of chemical composition of Hypericum perforatum and H. maculatum in Estonia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 73, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2017.06.004

Saçıcı, E., & Yesilada, E. (2021). Development of new and validated HPTLC methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of hyperforin, hypericin and hyperoside contents in Hypericum species. Phytochemical Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3093

Şahin, S., Ciğeroğlu, Z., Kurtulbaş, E., Pekel, A. G., & İbibik, K. (2020). Kinetics and thermodynamics evaluation of oxidative stability in Oleum hyperici: A comparative study. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 183, 113148.

Sarikurkcu, C., Locatelli, M., Tartaglia, A., Ferrone, V., Juszczak, A. M., Ozer, M. S., ... & Tomczyk, M. (2020). Enzyme and biological activities of the water extracts from the plants aesculus hippocastanum, olea europaea and hypericum perforatum that are used as folk remedies in Turkey. Molecules, 25 (5), 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051202

Schempp, C. M., Wölfle, U., Meyer, U., & Schaette, R. (2011). Johanniskraut (Hypericum perforatum L.)–heilkräftige Lichtpflanze der Sommersonnwende. Merkurstab, 64, 596-606. https://doi.org/10.14271/dms-19882-de

Schmatz, R., & Dick, C. (2010). Versuche mit Herbiziden in Baldrian Valeriana officinalis L. in Thüringen. Gesunde Pflanzen, 62(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-010-0216-8

Schepetkin, I. A., Özek, G., Özek, T., Kirpotina, L. N., Khlebnikov, A. I., & Quinn, M. T. (2020). Chemical composition and immunomodulatory activity of Hypericum perforatum essential oils. Biomolecules, 10(6), 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10060916

Scotti, F., Löbel, K., Booker, A., & Heinrich, M. (2019). St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) products–How variable is the primary material?. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 1973. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01973

Sekeroglu, N., Urlu, E., Kulak, M., Gezici, S., & Dang, R. (2017). Variation in total polyphenolic contents, DNA protective potential and antioxidant capacity from aqueous and ethanol extracts in different plant parts of Hypericum perforatum L. Indian J Pharm Educ Res, 51(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.2s.43

Semenko, M., & Pospelov, S. (2022). Agrobiological features of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Collection of scientific papers «ΛΌГOΣ», (May 20, 2022; Cambridge, United Kingdom), 106-107. https://doi.org/10.36074/logos-20.05.2022.032

Semenko, M., & Pospelov, S. (2022). Technological aspects of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) cultivation. Grail of Science, (16), 160-162. https://doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.06.2022.027

Semenko, M., & Pospelov, S. (2023). The effect of agroecological factors on the content of metabolites in raw material of St. John's wort (Hipericum perforatum L.). Collection of scientific papers «SCIENTIA», (April 7, 2023; Pisa, Italia), 74-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/scientia-07.04.2023

Semenko, M., Pospelov, S., & Onipko, V. (2018). Activity of lectins of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) in the ontogenesis Біологія та екологія, 5(2), 83-85. http://bioeco.pnpu.edu.ua/article/view/180065

Semenko, M., & Pospielov, S. (2023). Advantages of the seedling method of cultivation in medicinal plant production. Scientific Progress & Innovations, 26(4), 8. https://doi.org/10.31210/spi2023.26.04.07

Semenko, M., & Pospielov, S. (2024). Influence of stress factors and post-harvest processing on the secondary metabolism and phytochemical profile of Hypericum perforatum L. Medicinal Herbs: from Past Experience to New Technologies Proceedings of XII International Scientific and Practical Conference November, 21-32, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14541301

Sen, S., Chandra, I., Khatun, M. A., Chaterjee, S., & Das, S. (2018). Agrohomeopathy: an emerging field of agriculture for higher crop productivity and protection of plants against various stress conditions. IJRAR, 5(4), 52-54.

Sentkowska, A., Biesaga, M., & Pyrzynska, K. (2016). Effects of brewing process on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of herbs. Food Science and Biotechnology, 25, 965-970.

Seyis, F., Yurteri, E., Özcan, A., & Cirak, C. (2020). Altitudinal impacts on chemical content and composition of Hypericum perforatum, a prominent medicinal herb. South African Journal of Botany, 135, 391-403.

Shakya, P., Marslin, G., Siram, K., Beerhues, L., & Franklin, G. (2019). Elicitation as a tool to improve the profiles of high-value secondary metabolites and pharmacological properties of Hypericum perforatum. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 71(1), 70-82.

Sirvent, T., & Gibson, D. (2002). Induction of hypericins and hyperforin in Hypericum perforatum L. in response to biotic and chemical elicitors. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 60(6), 311-320.

Sirvent, T. M., Krasnoff, S. B., & Gibson, D. M. (2003). Induction of hypericins and hyperforins in Hypericum perforatum in response to damage by herbivores. Journal of chemical ecology, 29, 2667-2681.

Skyba, M., Petijová, L., Košuth, J., Koleva, D. P., Ganeva, T. G., Kapchina-Toteva, V. M., & Čellárová, E. (2012). Oxidative stress and antioxidant response in Hypericum perforatum L. plants subjected to low temperature treatment. Journal of Plant Physiology, 169(10), 955-964.

Sobhani Najafabadi, A., Khanahmadi, M., Ebrahimi, M., Moradi, K., Behroozi, P., & Noormohammadi, N. (2019). Effect of different quality of light on growth and production of secondary metabolites in adventitious root cultivation of Hypericum perforatum. Plant signaling & behavior, 14(9), 1640561.

Stamp, N. (2004). Misconceptions about plant–herbivore interactions, especially plant defenses. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 85(4), 201-205.

Su, H., Jin, L., Li, M., & Paré, P. W. (2022). Low temperature modifies seedling leaf anatomy and gene expression in Hypericum perforatum. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1020857.

Su, H., Li, J., Chen, S., Sun, P., Xing, H., Yang, D., ... & Wei, J. (2021). Physiological and transcriptomic analysis provide insight into low temperature enhancing hypericin biosynthesis in Hypericum perforatum. Molecules, 26(8), 2294.

Suljić, A., Bečić, E., Husejnović, M. Š., & Ademović, Z. (2023, June). St John’s Wort as a Possible Tool for Remediation of the Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals. In International Symposium on Annual Days of BHAAAS in Bosnia and Herzegovina (pp. 61-69). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

Tanko, H., Carrier, D. J., Duan, L., & Clausen, E. (2005). Pre-and post-harvest processing of medicinal plants. Plant Genetic Resources, 3(2), 304-313.

Tavakoli, F., Rafieiolhossaini, M., Ravash, R., & Ebrahimi, M. (2020). Subject: UV-B radiation and low temperature promoted hypericin biosynthesis in adventitious root culture of Hypericum perforatum. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 15(7), 1764184.

Tawaha, K., Gharaibeh, M., El-Elimat, T., & Alali, F. Q. (2010). Determination of hypericin and hyperforin content in selected Jordanian Hypericum species. Industrial Crops and Products, 32(3), 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.04.017

Tekel'ová, D., Repák, M., Zemková, E., & Tóth, J. (2000). Quantitative changes of dianthrones, hyperforin and flavonoids content in the flower ontogenesis of Hypericum perforatum. Planta medica, 66(08), 778-780.

Tirillini, B., Ricci, A., Pintore, G., Chessa, M., & Sighinolfi, S. (2006). Induction of hypericins in Hypericum perforatum in response to chromium. Fitoterapia, 77(3), 164-170.

Tocci, N., Gaid, M., Kaftan, F., Belkheir, A. K., Belhadj, I., Liu, B., ... & Beerhues, L. (2018). Exodermis and endodermis are the sites of xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum perforatum roots. New Phytologist, 217(3), 1099-1112.

Torun, H., Eroğlu, E., Yalçın, V., & Usta, E. (2021). Physicochemical and antioxidant responses of st. john’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) under drought stress. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 9(1), 40-50.

Tusevski, O., Krstikj, M., Petreska Stanoeva, J., Stefova, M., & Gadzovska Simic, S. (2019). Phenolic compounds composition of Hypericum perforatum L. wild-growing plants from the Republic of Macedonia. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 84 (1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.04.021

Umek, A., Kreft, S., Kartnig, T., & Heydel, B. (1999). Quantitative phytochemical analyses of six Hypericum species growing in Slovenia. Planta medica, 65(04), 388-390.

Vattikuti, U. M., & Ciddi, V. (2005). An overview on Hypericum perforatum Linn.

Velingkar, V. S., Gupta, G. L., & Hegde, N. B. (2017). A current update on phytochemistry, pharmacology and herb–drug interactions of Hypericum perforatum. Phytochemistry Reviews, 16, 725-744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-017-9503-7

Verma, R. S., Verma, R. K., Chauhan, A., & Yadav, A. K. (2011). Seasonal variation in essential oil content and composition of Thyme, Thymus serpyllum L. cultivated in Uttarakhand Hills. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 73(2), 233. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.91570

Vladimirova, I. M. (2019). Research of phenolic compounds of Lycopus Europaeus L. Fitoterapia, 2(2), 56–56. https://doi.org/10.33617/2522-9680-2019-2-56

Vuko, E., Dunkić, V., Ruščić, M., Nazlić, M., Mandić, N., Soldo, B., ... & Fredotović, Ž. (2021). Chemical Composition and New Biological Activities of Essential Oil and Hydrosol of Hypericum perforatum L. ssp. veronense (Schrank) H. Lindb. Plants, 10 (5), 1014. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10051014

Wang, L., Ibi, A., Chang, C., & Solnier, J. (2023). A New UHPLC Analytical Method for St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Extracts. Separations, 10(5), 280. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10050280

Xenophontos, M., Stavropoulos, I., Avramakis, E., Navakoudis, E., Dörnemann, D., & Kotzabasis, K. (2008). Influence of the habitat altitude on the (proto) hypericin and (proto) pseudohypericin levels of Hypericum plants from Crete. Planta medica, 74(12), 1496-1503.

Xu, M. J., Dong, J. F., & Zhu, M. Y. (2005). Nitric oxide mediates the fungal elicitor-induced hypericin production of Hypericum perforatum cell suspension cultures through a jasmonic-acid-dependent signal pathway. Plant Physiology, 139(2), 991-998.

Yalçın, S., Yalçınkaya, S., & Ercan, F. (2021). Determination of potential drug candidate molecules of the Hypericum perforatum for COVID-19 treatment. Current Pharmacology Reports, 7, 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-021-00254-9

Yao, Y., Kang, T., Jin, L., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Xing, H., ... & Li, M. (2019). Temperature-dependent growth and hypericin biosynthesis in Hypericum perforatum. Plant Physiology and biochemistry, 139, 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.012

Yenkalayci, A., Gunes, M., & Kemal, G. U. L. (2021). Cultivation Possibilities of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.46291/ispecjasvol5iss2pp313-319

Yılmazoğlu, E., Metin Hasdemir, İ., Hasdemir, B., & Yaşa, H. (2023). Investigation of essential oil composition, hypericin content, and antioxidant capacity of different extracts from flowers and leaves of Hypericum perforatum L. growing wild in Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060x.2023.2287596

Yin, Z. Q., Wang, Y., Ye, W. C., & Zhao, S. X. (2004). Chemical constituents of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) growing in China. Biochemical systematics and ecology, 5(32), 521-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2003.10.010

Zandavifard, Z., Azizi, M., Aroiee, H., & Fotovat, A. (2017). The study on the effect of cadmium, zinc and zeolite application on physiomorphological characteristics of St. Johnʼs Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Journal Of Horticultural Science, 31(3), 505-516.

Zayova, E., Geneva, M., Stancheva, I., Dimitrova, L., Petrova, M., Hristozkova, M., & Salamon, I. (2018). Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of in vitro propagated hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) with different plant growth regulators. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 10(4), 295-304. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6892.2018.00044.8

Zobayed, S. M. A., Afreen, F., Goto, E., & Kozai, T. (2006). Plant–environment interactions: accumulation of hypericin in dark glands of Hypericum perforatum. Annals of Botany, 98(4), 793-804.

Zobayed, S. M. A., Afreen, F., & Kozai, T. (2007). Phytochemical and physiological changes in the leaves of St. John's wort plants under a water stress condition. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 109-116.

Zobayed, S. M. A., Afreen, F., & Kozai, T. (2005). Temperature stress can alter the photosynthetic efficiency and secondary metabolite concentrations in St. John's wort. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 43(10-11), 977-984.

Zvezdanović, J. (2021). UHPLC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS characterization of St. John’s wort infusions from Serbia origin. Chemical Papers, 1, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01940-0

Published

August 30, 2025

Categories

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Details about the available publication format: Full text

Full text

ISBN-13 (15)

978-3-98924-107-7

Physical Dimensions